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Forming Possessives
Showing possession in English is a relatively easy matter (believe it or not). By adding an apostrophe and an s we can manage to transform most singular nouns into their possessive form:
- the car's front seat
- Charles's car
- Bartkowski's book
- a hard day's work
Some writers will say that the -s after Charles' is not necessary and that adding only the apostrophe (Charles' car) will suffice to show possession. Consistency is the key here: if you choose not to add the -s after a noun that already ends in s, do so consistently throughout your text. William Strunk's Elements of Style recommends adding the 's. (In fact, oddly enough, it's Rule Number One in Strunk's 'Elementary Rules of Usage.') You will find that some nouns, especially proper nouns, especially when there are other -s and -z sounds involved, turn into clumsy beasts when you add another s: 'That's old Mrs. Chambers's estate.' In that case, you're better off with 'Mrs. Chambers' estate.'
There is another way around this problem of klunky possessives: using the 'of phrase' to show possession. For instance, we would probably say the 'constitution of Illinois,' as opposed to 'Illinois' (or Illinois's ??) constitution.'
To answer that question about Illinois, you should know that most words that end in an unpronounced 's' form their possessive by adding an apostrophe + s. So we would write about 'Illinois's next governor' and 'Arkansas's former governor' and 'the Marine Corps's policy.' However, many non-English words that end with a silent 's' or 'x' will form their possessives with only an apostrophe. So we would write 'Alexander Dumas' first novel' and 'this bordeaux' bouquet.' According to the New York Public Library's Guide to Style and Usage, there are 'certain expressions that end in s or the s sound that traditionally require an apostrophe only: for appearance' sake, for conscience' sake, for goodness' sake' (268). Incidentally, the NYPL Guide also suggests that when a word ends in a double s, we're better off writing its possessive with only an apostrophe: the boss' memo, the witness' statement. Many writers insist, however, that we actually hear an 'es' sound attached to the possessive forms of these words, so an apostrophe -s is appropriate: boss's memo, witness's statement. If the look of the three s's in a row doesn't bother you, use that construction.
When we want the possessive of a pluralized family name, we pluralize first and then simply make the name possessive with the use of an apostrophe. Thus, we might travel in the Smiths' car when we visit the Joneses (members of the Jones family) at the Joneses' home. When the last name ends in a hard 'z' sound, we usually don't add an 's' or the '-es' and simply add the apostrophe: 'the Chambers' new baby.'
| Many writers consider it bad form to use apostrophe -s possessives with pieces of furniture and buildings or inanimate objects in general. Instead of 'the desk's edge' (according to many authorities), we should write 'the edge of the desk' and instead of 'the hotel's windows' we should write 'the windows of the hotel.' In fact, we would probably avoid the possessive altogether and use the noun as an attributive: 'the hotel windows.' This rule (if, in fact, it is one) is no longer universally endorsed. We would not say 'the radio of that car' instead of 'that car's radio' (or the 'car radio') and we would not write 'the desire of my heart' instead of 'my heart's desire.' Writing 'the edge of the ski' would probably be an improvement over 'the ski's edge,' however. For expressions of time and measurement, the possessive is shown with an apostrophe -s: 'one dollar's worth,' 'two dollars' worth,' 'a hard day's night,' 'two years' experience,' 'an evening's entertainment,' and 'two weeks' notice' (the title of the Hollywood movie nothwithstanding). |
Remember that personal pronouns create special problems in the formation of possessives. See the chart of Noun and Pronoun Cases.
Possessives & Gerunds
Possessive forms are frequently modifiers for verb forms used as nouns, or gerunds. Using the possessive will affect how we read the sentence. For instance, 'I'm worried about Joe running in the park after dark' means that I'm worried about Joe and the fact that he runs in the park after dark (the word 'running' is a present participle modifying Joe). On the other hand, 'I'm worried about Joe's running in the park after dark' puts the emphasis on the running that Joe is doing ('running' is a gerund, and 'Joe's' modifies that verbal). Usually, almost always in fact, we use the possessive form of a noun or pronoun to modify a gerund. More is involved, however. Click HERE for further information about using the possessive form with gerunds.
Possessives versus Adjectival Labels
Don't confuse an adjectival label (sometimes called an 'attributive noun') ending in s with the need for a possessive. Sometimes it's not easy to tell which is which. Do you attend a writers' conference or a writers conference? If it's a group of writers attending a conference, you want the plural ending, writers. If the conference actually belongs to the writers, then you'd want the possessive form, writers'. If you can insert another modifer between the -s word and whatever it modifies, you're probably dealing with a possessive. Additional modifiers will also help determine which form to use.
- Patriots quarterback Drew Bledsoe threw three touchdown passes. (plural as modifier)
- The Patriots' [new] quarterback, Drew Bledsoe, threw three touchdown passes. (possessive as modifier]
Possessives of Plurals & Irregular Plurals
Most plural nouns already end in s. To create their possessive, simply add an apostrophe after the s:
- The Pepins' house is the big blue one on the corner.
- The lions' usual source of water has dried up.
- The gases' odors mixed and became nauseating.
- The witches' brooms were hidden in the corner.
- The babies' beds were all in a row.
With nouns whose plurals are irregular (see Plurals), however, you will need to add an apostrophe followed by an s to create the possessive form.
- She plans on opening a women's clothing boutique.
- Children's programming is not a high priority.
- The geese's food supply was endangered.
(But with words that do not change their form when pluralized, you will have to add an -s or -es.)
- The seaweed was destroyed by the fishes' overfeeding.
Holidays Showing Possession
A number of American Holidays have possessive forms, and are peculiarly inconsistent. 'Mother's Day' and 'Father's Day' are easy enough, one parent at a time, and 'Parents' Day' is nicely pluralized, as is 'Presidents' Day' which celebrates the birthdays of both Washington and Lincoln. 'All Souls' Day (Halloween),' of course, takes a plural possessive. 'Veterans Day' is plural but not possessive, for historical reasons shrouded in mystery. Martin Luther King Jr. Day has no possessive. 'New Year's Day,' 'St. Valentine's Day,' St. Patrick's Day,' and 'April Fool's Day' all have their singular prossessive form, and so, while we're at it, does 'Season's Greetings.' Note that 'Daylight Saving Time' is neither possessive nor plural.
Compound Possessives
When you are showing possession with compounded nouns, the apostrophe's placement depends on whether the nouns are acting separately or together.
- Miguel's and Cecilia's new cars are in the parking lot.
This means that each of them has at least one new car and that their ownership is a separate matter. - Miguel and Cecilia's new cars are in the parking lot.
This construction tells us that Miguel and Cecilia share ownership of these cars. The possessive (indicated by 's) belongs to the entire phrase, not just to Cecilia.
Another example:
- Lewis and Clark's expectations were very much the same.
This construction tells us that the two gentlemen held one set of expectations in common. - Lewis's and Clark's expectations were altogether different.
This means that the expectations of the two men were different (rather obvious from what the sentence says, too). We signify separate ownership by writing both of the compounded proper nouns in the possessive form.
When one of the possessors in a compound possessive is a personal pronoun, we have to put both possessors in the possessive form or we end up with something silly: 'Bill and my car had to be towed last night.'
- Bill's and my car had to be towed last night.
- Giorgio's and her father was not around much during their childhood.
If this second sentence seems unsatisfactory, you might have to do some rewriting so you end up talking about their father, instead, or revert to using both names: 'Giorgio and Isabel's father wasn't around much . . . .' (and then 'Giorgio' will lose the apostrophe +s).
Possessives & Compound Constructions
This is different from the problem we confront when creating possessives with compound constructions such as daughter-in-law and friend of mine. Generally, the apostrophe -s is simply added to the end of the compound structure: my daughter-in-law's car, a friend of mine's car. If this sounds clumsy, use the 'of' construction to avoid the apostrophe: the car of a friend of mine, etc. This is especially useful in pluralized compound structures: the daughters-in-law's car sounds quite strange, but it's correct. We're better off with the car of the daughters-in-law. See the section on Compound Nouns and Modifiers for additional help.
Possessives with Appositive Forms
When a possessive noun is followed by an appositive, a word that renames or explains that noun, the apostrophe +s is added to the appositive, not to the noun. When this happens, we drop the comma that would normally follow the appositive phrase.
- We must get Joe Bidwell, the family attorney's signature.
Create such constructions with caution, however, as you might end up writing something that looks silly:
- I wrecked my best friend, Bob's car.
You're frequently better off using the 'of-genitive' form, writing something like 'We must get the signature of Joe Bidwell, the family attorney' and 'I wrecked the car of my best friend, Bob.'
Double Possessives
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Do we say 'a friend of my uncle' or 'a friend of my uncle's'? In spite of the fact that 'a friend of my uncle's' seems to overwork the notion of possessiveness, that is usually what we say and write. The double possessive construction is sometimes called the 'post-genitive' or 'of followed by a possessive case or an absolute possessive pronoun' (from the Oxford English Dictionary, which likes to show off). The double possessive has been around since the fifteenth century, and is widely accepted. It's extremely helpful, for instance, in distinguishing between 'a picture of my father' (in which we see the old man) and 'a picture of my father's' (which he owns). Native speakers will note how much more natural it is to say 'He's a fan of hers' than 'he's a fan of her.'
Generally, what follows the 'of' in a double possessive will be definite and human, not otherwise, so we would say 'a friend of my uncle's' but not 'a friend of the museum's [museum, instead].' What precedes the 'of' is usually indefinite (a friend, not the best friend), unless it's preceded by the demonstratives this or that, as in 'this friend of my father's.'
Authority for the section on 'double possessives': The New Fowler's Modern English Usage edited by R.W. Burchfield. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. 1996. Used with the permission of Oxford University Press. Examples our own.